S.C.O.P.E. Engage logo.
S.C.O.P.E. Engage logo.
Home
About
Clinical Dilemmas
Clinical Education Videos
Selected LAIs
Clinical Trial Design Characteristics

David  |  AGE 26

  • Existing Schizophrenia Dx
  • On LAI
  • Residual symptoms
Back to Scenario List

Outpatient Setting | Scenario 8

Items to Consider


As needed, ordered:
Next
References
© 2024 Teva Neuroscience, Inc.  |  
tv46-US-NP-00067 May 2023
Privacy Policy  |  Legal Notice
S.C.O.P.E. Engage logo.

By clicking the button below you agree to the following:

I am a US Health Care Professional.

I understand that S.C.O.P.E. is for educational purposes only and not to be used for the treatment or diagnosis of schizophrenia, nor is it a substitute for clinical judgment or guidelines.

Agree

References

  1. Goldstone LW. Unmet medical needs and other challenges in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Manag Care. 2020;26(suppl 3):S48-S54. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.43011
  2. Correll CU, Citrome L, Haddad PM, et al. The use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: evaluating the evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(suppl 3):1-24. doi:10.4088/JCP.15032su1
  3. American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia, Third Edition. 2020. Accessed August 2021. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890424841
  4. Marco CA, Vaughan J. Emergency management of agitation in schizophrenia. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23(6):767-776. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.02.050
  5. Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, Atkinson D. Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options. P T. 2014;39(9):638-645.
  6. Ernest D, Vuksic O, Shepard-Smith A, Webb E. Schizophrenia: An Information Guide. Revised ed. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2017. Accessed August 2, 2022. https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/guides-and-publications/schizophrenia-guide-en.pdf
  7. Velligan DI, Weiden PJ, Sajatovic M, et al; Expert Consensus Panel on Adherence Problems in Serious and Persistent Mental Illness. The expert consensus guideline series: adherence problems in patients with serious and persistent mental illness. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(suppl 4):1-46.
  8. Kane JM, Kishimoto T, Correll CU. Non-adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders: epidemiology, contributing factors and management strategies. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(3):216-226. doi:10.1002/wps.20060
  9. Lopez LV, Shaikh A, Merson J, Greenberg J, Suckow RF, Kane JM. Accuracy of clinician assessments of medication status in the emergency setting: A comparison of clinician assessment of antipsychotic usage and plasma level determination. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(3):310-314. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000697
  10. Byerly M, Fisher R, Whatley K, et al. A comparison of electronic monitoring vs. clinician rating of antipsychotic adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2005;133(2-3):129-133. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.11.002
  11. Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, et al. Poor medication adherence and risk of relapse associated with continued cannabis use in patients with first-episode psychosis: a prospective analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. Published online June 10, 2017. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30233-X
  12. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, Achtyes ED, Correll CU, Robinson DG. Patients with early-phase schizophrenia will accept treatment with sustained-release medication (long-acting injectable antipsychotics): results from the recruitment phase of the PRELAPSE trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(3):18m12546. doi:10.4088/JCP.18m12546
  13. Tiihonen J, Haukka J, Taylor M, Haddad PM, Patel MX, Korhonen P. A nationwide cohort study of oral and depot antipsychotics after first hospitalization for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. Published online March 1, 2011. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081224. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(2):223.
  14. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, et al. Effect of long-acting injectable antipsychotics vs usual care on time to first hospitalization in early-phase schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(12):1217-1224. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2076
  15. Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kurokawa S, Kane JM, Correll CU. Long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis of randomised, cohort, and prepost studies. Lancet Psychiatry. Published online April 13, 2021. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00039-0
  16. Citrome L. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics: what, when, and how. CNS Spectr. 2021;26(2):118-129. doi:10.1017/S1092852921000456
  17. Van Dorn RA, Desmarais SL, Scott-Young M, Sellers BG, Swartz MS. Assessing illicit drug use among adults with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Published online July 15, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.028
  18. Rubio JM, Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Correll U, Kane JM, Tiihonen J. Long-term continuity of antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia: a nationwide study. Schiz Bull. 2021;47(6):1611-1620. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab063
  19. Kane JM, Garcia-Ribera C. Clinical guideline recommendations for antipsychotic long-acting injections. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;52:S63-S67. doi:10.1192/bjp.195.52.s63
  20. Takeuchi H, Siu C, Remington G, et al. Does relapse contribute to treatment resistance? Antipsychotic response in first- vs. second-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online November 22, 2018. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0278-3
  21. Lin D, Joshi K, Keenan A, et al. Associations between relapses and psychosocial outcomes in patients with schizophrenia in real-world settings in the United States. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:695672. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695672.
  22. Subotnik KL, Casaus LR, Ventura J, et al. Long-acting injectable risperidone for relapse prevention and control of breakthrough symptoms after a recent first episode of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(8):822-829. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0270
  23. Gopal S, Xu H, McQuarrie K, et al. Caregiver burden in schizophrenia following paliperidone palmitate long acting injectables treatment: pooled analysis of two double-blind randomized phase three studies. NPJ Schizophr. 2017;3(1):23. doi:10.1038/s41537-017-0025-5
  24. Correll CU, Kim E, Sliwa JK, et al. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of long‑acting injectable antipsychotics for schizophrenia: an overview. CNS Drugs. Published online January 28, 2021. doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00779-5
  25. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, et al. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: treatment response and resistance in psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. Am J Psychiatry. Published online December 6, 2016. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503
  26. Lee S, Chiu MYL, Tsang A, Chui H, Kleinman A. Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Soc Sci Med. Published online September 19, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.016
  27. Misawa F, Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kane JM, Correll CU. Safety and tolerability of long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing the same antipsychotics. Schizophr Res. Published online August 4, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.018
  28. McCutcheon R, Beck K, Bloomfield MAP, Marques TR, Rogdaki M, Howes O. Treatment resistant or resistant to treatment? Antipsychotic plasma levels in patients with poorly controlled psychotic symptoms. J Psychopharmacol. Published online March 18, 2015. doi:10.1177/0269881115576688
  29. Parks J. Clinical Strategies to Promote Medication Adherence. March 30, 2020. Accessed February 3, 2021. https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Clinical-Strategies-to-Promote-Medication-Adherence-6.20.18.pdf
  30. Weiden PJ, Roma RS, Velligan DI, Alphs L, DiChiara M, Davidson B. The challenge of offering long-acting antipsychotic therapies: a preliminary discourse analysis of psychiatrist recommendations for injectable therapy to patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(6):684-690. doi:10.4088/JCP.13m08946
  31. University of South Florida College of Behavioral & Community Sciences. 2019-2020 Florida best practice psychotherapeutic medication guidelines for adults. 2020. Accessed March 7, 2022. https://floridabhcenter.org/adult-guidelines/2019-2020-florida-best-practice-psychotherapeutic-medication-guidelines-for-adults/
  32. Starr HL, Bermak J, Mao L, Rodriguez S, Alphs L. Comparison of long-acting and oral antipsychotic treatment effects in patients with schizophrenia, comorbid substance abuse, and a history of recent incarceration: an exploratory analysis of the PRIDE study. Schizophr Res. Published online June 7, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.005

References

  1. Goldstone LW. Unmet medical needs and other challenges in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Manag Care. 2020;26(suppl 3):S48-S54. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.43011
  2. Correll CU, Citrome L, Haddad PM, et al. The use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: evaluating the evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(suppl 3):1-24. doi:10.4088/JCP.15032su1
  3. American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia, Third Edition. 2020. Accessed August 2021. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890424841
  4. Marco CA, Vaughan J. Emergency management of agitation in schizophrenia. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23(6):767-776. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.02.050
  5. Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, Atkinson D. Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options. P T. 2014;39(9):638-645.
  6. Ernest D, Vuksic O, Shepard-Smith A, Webb E. Schizophrenia: An Information Guide. Revised ed. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2017. Accessed August 2, 2022. https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/guides-and-publications/schizophrenia-guide-en.pdf
  7. Velligan DI, Weiden PJ, Sajatovic M, et al; Expert Consensus Panel on Adherence Problems in Serious and Persistent Mental Illness. The expert consensus guideline series: adherence problems in patients with serious and persistent mental illness. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(suppl 4):1-46.
  8. Kane JM, Kishimoto T, Correll CU. Non-adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders: epidemiology, contributing factors and management strategies. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(3):216-226. doi:10.1002/wps.20060
  9. Lopez LV, Shaikh A, Merson J, Greenberg J, Suckow RF, Kane JM. Accuracy of clinician assessments of medication status in the emergency setting: A comparison of clinician assessment of antipsychotic usage and plasma level determination. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(3):310-314. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000697
  10. Byerly M, Fisher R, Whatley K, et al. A comparison of electronic monitoring vs. clinician rating of antipsychotic adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2005;133(2-3):129-133. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.11.002
  11. Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, et al. Poor medication adherence and risk of relapse associated with continued cannabis use in patients with first-episode psychosis: a prospective analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. Published online June 10, 2017. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30233-X
  12. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, Achtyes ED, Correll CU, Robinson DG. Patients with early-phase schizophrenia will accept treatment with sustained-release medication (long-acting injectable antipsychotics): results from the recruitment phase of the PRELAPSE trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(3):18m12546. doi:10.4088/JCP.18m12546
  13. Tiihonen J, Haukka J, Taylor M, Haddad PM, Patel MX, Korhonen P. A nationwide cohort study of oral and depot antipsychotics after first hospitalization for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. Published online March 1, 2011. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081224. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(2):223.
  14. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, et al. Effect of long-acting injectable antipsychotics vs usual care on time to first hospitalization in early-phase schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(12):1217-1224. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2076
  15. Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kurokawa S, Kane JM, Correll CU. Long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis of randomised, cohort, and prepost studies. Lancet Psychiatry. Published online April 13, 2021. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00039-0
  16. Citrome L. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics: what, when, and how. CNS Spectr. 2021;26(2):118-129. doi:10.1017/S1092852921000456
  17. Van Dorn RA, Desmarais SL, Scott-Young M, Sellers BG, Swartz MS. Assessing illicit drug use among adults with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Published online July 15, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.028
  18. Rubio JM, Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Correll U, Kane JM, Tiihonen J. Long-term continuity of antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia: a nationwide study. Schiz Bull. 2021;47(6):1611-1620. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab063
  19. Kane JM, Garcia-Ribera C. Clinical guideline recommendations for antipsychotic long-acting injections. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;52:S63-S67. doi:10.1192/bjp.195.52.s63
  20. Takeuchi H, Siu C, Remington G, et al. Does relapse contribute to treatment resistance? Antipsychotic response in first- vs. second-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online November 22, 2018. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0278-3
  21. Lin D, Joshi K, Keenan A, et al. Associations between relapses and psychosocial outcomes in patients with schizophrenia in real-world settings in the United States. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:695672. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695672.
  22. Subotnik KL, Casaus LR, Ventura J, et al. Long-acting injectable risperidone for relapse prevention and control of breakthrough symptoms after a recent first episode of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(8):822-829. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0270
  23. Gopal S, Xu H, McQuarrie K, et al. Caregiver burden in schizophrenia following paliperidone palmitate long acting injectables treatment: pooled analysis of two double-blind randomized phase three studies. NPJ Schizophr. 2017;3(1):23. doi:10.1038/s41537-017-0025-5
  24. Correll CU, Kim E, Sliwa JK, et al. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of long‑acting injectable antipsychotics for schizophrenia: an overview. CNS Drugs. Published online January 28, 2021. doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00779-5
  25. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, et al. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: treatment response and resistance in psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. Am J Psychiatry. Published online December 6, 2016. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503
  26. Lee S, Chiu MYL, Tsang A, Chui H, Kleinman A. Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Soc Sci Med. Published online September 19, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.016
  27. Misawa F, Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kane JM, Correll CU. Safety and tolerability of long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing the same antipsychotics. Schizophr Res. Published online August 4, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.018
  28. McCutcheon R, Beck K, Bloomfield MAP, Marques TR, Rogdaki M, Howes O. Treatment resistant or resistant to treatment? Antipsychotic plasma levels in patients with poorly controlled psychotic symptoms. J Psychopharmacol. Published online March 18, 2015. doi:10.1177/0269881115576688
  29. Parks J. Clinical Strategies to Promote Medication Adherence. March 30, 2020. Accessed February 3, 2021. https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Clinical-Strategies-to-Promote-Medication-Adherence-6.20.18.pdf
  30. Weiden PJ, Roma RS, Velligan DI, Alphs L, DiChiara M, Davidson B. The challenge of offering long-acting antipsychotic therapies: a preliminary discourse analysis of psychiatrist recommendations for injectable therapy to patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(6):684-690. doi:10.4088/JCP.13m08946
  31. University of South Florida College of Behavioral & Community Sciences. 2019-2020 Florida best practice psychotherapeutic medication guidelines for adults. 2020. Accessed March 7, 2022. https://floridabhcenter.org/adult-guidelines/2019-2020-florida-best-practice-psychotherapeutic-medication-guidelines-for-adults/
  32. Starr HL, Bermak J, Mao L, Rodriguez S, Alphs L. Comparison of long-acting and oral antipsychotic treatment effects in patients with schizophrenia, comorbid substance abuse, and a history of recent incarceration: an exploratory analysis of the PRIDE study. Schizophr Res. Published online June 7, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.005

References

  1. Goldstone LW. Unmet medical needs and other challenges in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Manag Care. 2020;26(suppl 3):S48-S54. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.43011
  2. Correll CU, Citrome L, Haddad PM, et al. The use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: evaluating the evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(suppl 3):1-24. doi:10.4088/JCP.15032su1
  3. American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia, Third Edition. 2020. Accessed August 2021. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890424841
  4. Marco CA, Vaughan J. Emergency management of agitation in schizophrenia. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23(6):767-776. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.02.050
  5. Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, Atkinson D. Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options. P T. 2014;39(9):638-645.
  6. Ernest D, Vuksic O, Shepard-Smith A, Webb E. Schizophrenia: An Information Guide. Revised ed. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2017. Accessed August 2, 2022. https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/guides-and-publications/schizophrenia-guide-en.pdf
  7. Velligan DI, Weiden PJ, Sajatovic M, et al; Expert Consensus Panel on Adherence Problems in Serious and Persistent Mental Illness. The expert consensus guideline series: adherence problems in patients with serious and persistent mental illness. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(suppl 4):1-46.
  8. Kane JM, Kishimoto T, Correll CU. Non-adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders: epidemiology, contributing factors and management strategies. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(3):216-226. doi:10.1002/wps.20060
  9. Lopez LV, Shaikh A, Merson J, Greenberg J, Suckow RF, Kane JM. Accuracy of clinician assessments of medication status in the emergency setting: A comparison of clinician assessment of antipsychotic usage and plasma level determination. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(3):310-314. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000697
  10. Byerly M, Fisher R, Whatley K, et al. A comparison of electronic monitoring vs. clinician rating of antipsychotic adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2005;133(2-3):129-133. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.11.002
  11. Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, et al. Poor medication adherence and risk of relapse associated with continued cannabis use in patients with first-episode psychosis: a prospective analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. Published online June 10, 2017. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30233-X
  12. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, Achtyes ED, Correll CU, Robinson DG. Patients with early-phase schizophrenia will accept treatment with sustained-release medication (long-acting injectable antipsychotics): results from the recruitment phase of the PRELAPSE trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(3):18m12546. doi:10.4088/JCP.18m12546
  13. Tiihonen J, Haukka J, Taylor M, Haddad PM, Patel MX, Korhonen P. A nationwide cohort study of oral and depot antipsychotics after first hospitalization for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. Published online March 1, 2011. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081224. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(2):223.
  14. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, et al. Effect of long-acting injectable antipsychotics vs usual care on time to first hospitalization in early-phase schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(12):1217-1224. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2076
  15. Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kurokawa S, Kane JM, Correll CU. Long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis of randomised, cohort, and prepost studies. Lancet Psychiatry. Published online April 13, 2021. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00039-0
  16. Citrome L. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics: what, when, and how. CNS Spectr. 2021;26(2):118-129. doi:10.1017/S1092852921000456
  17. Van Dorn RA, Desmarais SL, Scott-Young M, Sellers BG, Swartz MS. Assessing illicit drug use among adults with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Published online July 15, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.028
  18. Rubio JM, Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Correll U, Kane JM, Tiihonen J. Long-term continuity of antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia: a nationwide study. Schiz Bull. 2021;47(6):1611-1620. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab063
  19. Kane JM, Garcia-Ribera C. Clinical guideline recommendations for antipsychotic long-acting injections. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;52:S63-S67. doi:10.1192/bjp.195.52.s63
  20. Takeuchi H, Siu C, Remington G, et al. Does relapse contribute to treatment resistance? Antipsychotic response in first- vs. second-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online November 22, 2018. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0278-3
  21. Lin D, Joshi K, Keenan A, et al. Associations between relapses and psychosocial outcomes in patients with schizophrenia in real-world settings in the United States. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:695672. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695672.
  22. Subotnik KL, Casaus LR, Ventura J, et al. Long-acting injectable risperidone for relapse prevention and control of breakthrough symptoms after a recent first episode of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(8):822-829. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0270
  23. Gopal S, Xu H, McQuarrie K, et al. Caregiver burden in schizophrenia following paliperidone palmitate long acting injectables treatment: pooled analysis of two double-blind randomized phase three studies. NPJ Schizophr. 2017;3(1):23. doi:10.1038/s41537-017-0025-5
  24. Correll CU, Kim E, Sliwa JK, et al. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of long‑acting injectable antipsychotics for schizophrenia: an overview. CNS Drugs. Published online January 28, 2021. doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00779-5
  25. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, et al. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: treatment response and resistance in psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. Am J Psychiatry. Published online December 6, 2016. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503
  26. Lee S, Chiu MYL, Tsang A, Chui H, Kleinman A. Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Soc Sci Med. Published online September 19, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.016
  27. Misawa F, Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kane JM, Correll CU. Safety and tolerability of long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing the same antipsychotics. Schizophr Res. Published online August 4, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.018
  28. McCutcheon R, Beck K, Bloomfield MAP, Marques TR, Rogdaki M, Howes O. Treatment resistant or resistant to treatment? Antipsychotic plasma levels in patients with poorly controlled psychotic symptoms. J Psychopharmacol. Published online March 18, 2015. doi:10.1177/0269881115576688
  29. Parks J. Clinical Strategies to Promote Medication Adherence. March 30, 2020. Accessed February 3, 2021. https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Clinical-Strategies-to-Promote-Medication-Adherence-6.20.18.pdf
  30. Weiden PJ, Roma RS, Velligan DI, Alphs L, DiChiara M, Davidson B. The challenge of offering long-acting antipsychotic therapies: a preliminary discourse analysis of psychiatrist recommendations for injectable therapy to patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(6):684-690. doi:10.4088/JCP.13m08946
  31. University of South Florida College of Behavioral & Community Sciences. 2019-2020 Florida best practice psychotherapeutic medication guidelines for adults. 2020. Accessed March 7, 2022. https://floridabhcenter.org/adult-guidelines/2019-2020-florida-best-practice-psychotherapeutic-medication-guidelines-for-adults/
  32. Starr HL, Bermak J, Mao L, Rodriguez S, Alphs L. Comparison of long-acting and oral antipsychotic treatment effects in patients with schizophrenia, comorbid substance abuse, and a history of recent incarceration: an exploratory analysis of the PRIDE study. Schizophr Res. Published online June 7, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.005

References

  1. Goldstone LW. Unmet medical needs and other challenges in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Manag Care. 2020;26(suppl 3):S48-S54. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.43011
  2. Correll CU, Citrome L, Haddad PM, et al. The use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: evaluating the evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(suppl 3):1-24. doi:10.4088/JCP.15032su1
  3. American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia, Third Edition. 2020. Accessed August 2021. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890424841
  4. Marco CA, Vaughan J. Emergency management of agitation in schizophrenia. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23(6):767-776. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.02.050
  5. Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, Atkinson D. Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options. P T. 2014;39(9):638-645.
  6. Ernest D, Vuksic O, Shepard-Smith A, Webb E. Schizophrenia: An Information Guide. Revised ed. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2017. Accessed August 2, 2022. https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/guides-and-publications/schizophrenia-guide-en.pdf
  7. Velligan DI, Weiden PJ, Sajatovic M, et al; Expert Consensus Panel on Adherence Problems in Serious and Persistent Mental Illness. The expert consensus guideline series: adherence problems in patients with serious and persistent mental illness. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(suppl 4):1-46.
  8. Kane JM, Kishimoto T, Correll CU. Non-adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders: epidemiology, contributing factors and management strategies. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(3):216-226. doi:10.1002/wps.20060
  9. Lopez LV, Shaikh A, Merson J, Greenberg J, Suckow RF, Kane JM. Accuracy of clinician assessments of medication status in the emergency setting: A comparison of clinician assessment of antipsychotic usage and plasma level determination. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(3):310-314. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000697
  10. Byerly M, Fisher R, Whatley K, et al. A comparison of electronic monitoring vs. clinician rating of antipsychotic adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2005;133(2-3):129-133. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.11.002
  11. Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, et al. Poor medication adherence and risk of relapse associated with continued cannabis use in patients with first-episode psychosis: a prospective analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. Published online June 10, 2017. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30233-X
  12. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, Achtyes ED, Correll CU, Robinson DG. Patients with early-phase schizophrenia will accept treatment with sustained-release medication (long-acting injectable antipsychotics): results from the recruitment phase of the PRELAPSE trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(3):18m12546. doi:10.4088/JCP.18m12546
  13. Tiihonen J, Haukka J, Taylor M, Haddad PM, Patel MX, Korhonen P. A nationwide cohort study of oral and depot antipsychotics after first hospitalization for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. Published online March 1, 2011. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081224. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(2):223.
  14. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, et al. Effect of long-acting injectable antipsychotics vs usual care on time to first hospitalization in early-phase schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(12):1217-1224. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2076
  15. Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kurokawa S, Kane JM, Correll CU. Long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis of randomised, cohort, and prepost studies. Lancet Psychiatry. Published online April 13, 2021. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00039-0
  16. Citrome L. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics: what, when, and how. CNS Spectr. 2021;26(2):118-129. doi:10.1017/S1092852921000456
  17. Van Dorn RA, Desmarais SL, Scott-Young M, Sellers BG, Swartz MS. Assessing illicit drug use among adults with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Published online July 15, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.028
  18. Rubio JM, Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Correll U, Kane JM, Tiihonen J. Long-term continuity of antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia: a nationwide study. Schiz Bull. 2021;47(6):1611-1620. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab063
  19. Kane JM, Garcia-Ribera C. Clinical guideline recommendations for antipsychotic long-acting injections. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;52:S63-S67. doi:10.1192/bjp.195.52.s63
  20. Takeuchi H, Siu C, Remington G, et al. Does relapse contribute to treatment resistance? Antipsychotic response in first- vs. second-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online November 22, 2018. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0278-3
  21. Lin D, Joshi K, Keenan A, et al. Associations between relapses and psychosocial outcomes in patients with schizophrenia in real-world settings in the United States. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:695672. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695672.
  22. Subotnik KL, Casaus LR, Ventura J, et al. Long-acting injectable risperidone for relapse prevention and control of breakthrough symptoms after a recent first episode of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(8):822-829. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0270
  23. Gopal S, Xu H, McQuarrie K, et al. Caregiver burden in schizophrenia following paliperidone palmitate long acting injectables treatment: pooled analysis of two double-blind randomized phase three studies. NPJ Schizophr. 2017;3(1):23. doi:10.1038/s41537-017-0025-5
  24. Correll CU, Kim E, Sliwa JK, et al. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of long‑acting injectable antipsychotics for schizophrenia: an overview. CNS Drugs. Published online January 28, 2021. doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00779-5
  25. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, et al. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: treatment response and resistance in psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. Am J Psychiatry. Published online December 6, 2016. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503
  26. Lee S, Chiu MYL, Tsang A, Chui H, Kleinman A. Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Soc Sci Med. Published online September 19, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.016
  27. Misawa F, Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kane JM, Correll CU. Safety and tolerability of long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing the same antipsychotics. Schizophr Res. Published online August 4, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.018
  28. McCutcheon R, Beck K, Bloomfield MAP, Marques TR, Rogdaki M, Howes O. Treatment resistant or resistant to treatment? Antipsychotic plasma levels in patients with poorly controlled psychotic symptoms. J Psychopharmacol. Published online March 18, 2015. doi:10.1177/0269881115576688
  29. Parks J. Clinical Strategies to Promote Medication Adherence. March 30, 2020. Accessed February 3, 2021. https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Clinical-Strategies-to-Promote-Medication-Adherence-6.20.18.pdf
  30. Weiden PJ, Roma RS, Velligan DI, Alphs L, DiChiara M, Davidson B. The challenge of offering long-acting antipsychotic therapies: a preliminary discourse analysis of psychiatrist recommendations for injectable therapy to patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(6):684-690. doi:10.4088/JCP.13m08946
  31. University of South Florida College of Behavioral & Community Sciences. 2019-2020 Florida best practice psychotherapeutic medication guidelines for adults. 2020. Accessed March 7, 2022. https://floridabhcenter.org/adult-guidelines/2019-2020-florida-best-practice-psychotherapeutic-medication-guidelines-for-adults/
  32. Starr HL, Bermak J, Mao L, Rodriguez S, Alphs L. Comparison of long-acting and oral antipsychotic treatment effects in patients with schizophrenia, comorbid substance abuse, and a history of recent incarceration: an exploratory analysis of the PRIDE study. Schizophr Res. Published online June 7, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.005

References

  1. Goldstone LW. Unmet medical needs and other challenges in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Manag Care. 2020;26(suppl 3):S48-S54. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.43011
  2. Correll CU, Citrome L, Haddad PM, et al. The use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: evaluating the evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(suppl 3):1-24. doi:10.4088/JCP.15032su1
  3. American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia, Third Edition. 2020. Accessed August 2021. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890424841
  4. Marco CA, Vaughan J. Emergency management of agitation in schizophrenia. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23(6):767-776. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.02.050
  5. Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, Atkinson D. Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options. P T. 2014;39(9):638-645.
  6. Ernest D, Vuksic O, Shepard-Smith A, Webb E. Schizophrenia: An Information Guide. Revised ed. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2017. Accessed August 2, 2022. https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/guides-and-publications/schizophrenia-guide-en.pdf
  7. Velligan DI, Weiden PJ, Sajatovic M, et al; Expert Consensus Panel on Adherence Problems in Serious and Persistent Mental Illness. The expert consensus guideline series: adherence problems in patients with serious and persistent mental illness. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(suppl 4):1-46.
  8. Kane JM, Kishimoto T, Correll CU. Non-adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders: epidemiology, contributing factors and management strategies. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(3):216-226. doi:10.1002/wps.20060
  9. Lopez LV, Shaikh A, Merson J, Greenberg J, Suckow RF, Kane JM. Accuracy of clinician assessments of medication status in the emergency setting: A comparison of clinician assessment of antipsychotic usage and plasma level determination. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(3):310-314. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000697
  10. Byerly M, Fisher R, Whatley K, et al. A comparison of electronic monitoring vs. clinician rating of antipsychotic adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2005;133(2-3):129-133. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.11.002
  11. Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, et al. Poor medication adherence and risk of relapse associated with continued cannabis use in patients with first-episode psychosis: a prospective analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. Published online June 10, 2017. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30233-X
  12. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, Achtyes ED, Correll CU, Robinson DG. Patients with early-phase schizophrenia will accept treatment with sustained-release medication (long-acting injectable antipsychotics): results from the recruitment phase of the PRELAPSE trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(3):18m12546. doi:10.4088/JCP.18m12546
  13. Tiihonen J, Haukka J, Taylor M, Haddad PM, Patel MX, Korhonen P. A nationwide cohort study of oral and depot antipsychotics after first hospitalization for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. Published online March 1, 2011. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081224. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(2):223.
  14. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, et al. Effect of long-acting injectable antipsychotics vs usual care on time to first hospitalization in early-phase schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(12):1217-1224. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2076
  15. Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kurokawa S, Kane JM, Correll CU. Long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis of randomised, cohort, and prepost studies. Lancet Psychiatry. Published online April 13, 2021. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00039-0
  16. Citrome L. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics: what, when, and how. CNS Spectr. 2021;26(2):118-129. doi:10.1017/S1092852921000456
  17. Van Dorn RA, Desmarais SL, Scott-Young M, Sellers BG, Swartz MS. Assessing illicit drug use among adults with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Published online July 15, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.028
  18. Rubio JM, Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Correll U, Kane JM, Tiihonen J. Long-term continuity of antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia: a nationwide study. Schiz Bull. 2021;47(6):1611-1620. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab063
  19. Kane JM, Garcia-Ribera C. Clinical guideline recommendations for antipsychotic long-acting injections. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;52:S63-S67. doi:10.1192/bjp.195.52.s63
  20. Takeuchi H, Siu C, Remington G, et al. Does relapse contribute to treatment resistance? Antipsychotic response in first- vs. second-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online November 22, 2018. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0278-3
  21. Lin D, Joshi K, Keenan A, et al. Associations between relapses and psychosocial outcomes in patients with schizophrenia in real-world settings in the United States. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:695672. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695672.
  22. Subotnik KL, Casaus LR, Ventura J, et al. Long-acting injectable risperidone for relapse prevention and control of breakthrough symptoms after a recent first episode of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(8):822-829. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0270
  23. Gopal S, Xu H, McQuarrie K, et al. Caregiver burden in schizophrenia following paliperidone palmitate long acting injectables treatment: pooled analysis of two double-blind randomized phase three studies. NPJ Schizophr. 2017;3(1):23. doi:10.1038/s41537-017-0025-5
  24. Correll CU, Kim E, Sliwa JK, et al. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of long‑acting injectable antipsychotics for schizophrenia: an overview. CNS Drugs. Published online January 28, 2021. doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00779-5
  25. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, et al. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: treatment response and resistance in psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. Am J Psychiatry. Published online December 6, 2016. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503
  26. Lee S, Chiu MYL, Tsang A, Chui H, Kleinman A. Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Soc Sci Med. Published online September 19, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.016
  27. Misawa F, Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kane JM, Correll CU. Safety and tolerability of long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing the same antipsychotics. Schizophr Res. Published online August 4, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.018
  28. McCutcheon R, Beck K, Bloomfield MAP, Marques TR, Rogdaki M, Howes O. Treatment resistant or resistant to treatment? Antipsychotic plasma levels in patients with poorly controlled psychotic symptoms. J Psychopharmacol. Published online March 18, 2015. doi:10.1177/0269881115576688
  29. Parks J. Clinical Strategies to Promote Medication Adherence. March 30, 2020. Accessed February 3, 2021. https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Clinical-Strategies-to-Promote-Medication-Adherence-6.20.18.pdf
  30. Weiden PJ, Roma RS, Velligan DI, Alphs L, DiChiara M, Davidson B. The challenge of offering long-acting antipsychotic therapies: a preliminary discourse analysis of psychiatrist recommendations for injectable therapy to patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(6):684-690. doi:10.4088/JCP.13m08946
  31. University of South Florida College of Behavioral & Community Sciences. 2019-2020 Florida best practice psychotherapeutic medication guidelines for adults. 2020. Accessed March 7, 2022. https://floridabhcenter.org/adult-guidelines/2019-2020-florida-best-practice-psychotherapeutic-medication-guidelines-for-adults/
  32. Starr HL, Bermak J, Mao L, Rodriguez S, Alphs L. Comparison of long-acting and oral antipsychotic treatment effects in patients with schizophrenia, comorbid substance abuse, and a history of recent incarceration: an exploratory analysis of the PRIDE study. Schizophr Res. Published online June 7, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.005